Les États-Unis ont imposé le 23 décembre 2025 des interdictions de visas à cinq Européens, dont l’ex-commissaire européen Thierry Breton, accusés de promouvoir la censure sur les plateformes américaines via le Digital Services Act (DSA). Cette mesure, dénoncée par l’UE, la France et l’Allemagne comme une ingérence politique, marque une escalade dans le bras de fer sur la régulation numérique. Le secrétaire d’État Marco Rubio menace d’élargir la liste, tandis que Bruxelles défend ses règles contre la haine en ligne.
Contexte de la controverse
Le différend oppose les régulations européennes aux géants tech américains. Le DSA et le Digital Markets Act (DMA) obligent les plateformes à modérer contenus haineux, désinformation et pratiques anticoncurrentielles, avec amendes jusqu’à 6% du chiffre d’affaires mondial. Washington y voit une atteinte à la liberté d’expression et une pression sur des firmes US comme X (ex-Twitter), amendé de 140 millions d’euros récemment.
Les sanctions visent Thierry Breton (ex-commissaire au Marché intérieur), Imran Ahmed (activiste britannique), et trois leaders d’ONG allemandes et européennes luttant contre la désinformation. Rubio les qualifie de « complexe mondial de censure » coercitif envers Elon Musk et X.
Cibles et motifs des bans
- Thierry Breton : Accusé d’avoir utilisé le DSA pour menacer Musk.
- Quatre activistes : Membres de groupes de campagne digitale, vus comme « activistes radicaux » et « ONG arme des gouvernements étrangers ».
- Portée : Interdiction d’entrée aux États-Unis ; menace d’extension.
Cette action s’inscrit dans la Stratégie de Sécurité Nationale de Trump, critiquant l’Europe pour suppression de dissidences sur l’immigration.
Déclarations officielles américaines
Marco Rubio a posté sur X : « Le Département d’État bloque les figures leaders du complexe mondial de censure industrielle de l’entrée aux États-Unis ». Sarah B. Rogers, sous-secrétaire d’État à la diplomatie publique, a nommé Breton, accusant le DSA de pressions sur les plateformes US. Rubio ajoute : « Les États-Unis sont prêts à étendre cette liste sauf inversion de cap », défendant souveraineté et expression libre.
Les diplomates US sont instruits de rallier l’opposition au DSA, perçu comme frein financier pour les techs américaines.
Réactions européennes unanimes
La France condamne fermement l’interdiction contre Breton. Ursula von der Leyen, présidente de la Commission, tweete : « La liberté d’expression est le fondement de notre démocratie européenne vibrante. Nous en sommes fiers. Nous la protégeons. » Thierry Breton rétorque sur X : « 90% du Parlement européen et les 27 États membres ont voté unanimement le DSA. Aux amis américains : ‘La censure n’est pas où vous pensez.’ »
L’Allemagne et l’UE qualifient les bans de « intimidation et surenchère politique ». Gérard Araud, ex-ambassadeur français aux États-Unis, déplore : « L’Occident n’existe plus ; l’Europe défend seule ses intérêts et valeurs. » Les activistes sanctionnés, comme Hodenberg et Ballon, déclarent : « Pas surpris par cette répression d’un gouvernement bafouant l’État de droit. Nous continuons notre travail avec force. »
Analyses d’experts et précédents
Daniel Fried, ex-ambassadeur US et spécialiste des sanctions, note l’absence de précédent pour des bans contre ex-officiels européens agissant dans leurs fonctions. Jacob Funk Kirkegaard (Bruegel) les juge « symboliques », sans représailles majeures probables. Les médias comme Reuters, Business Insider et Euronews soulignent une rupture transatlantique sur la régulation tech.
Aucune statistique chiffrée sur l’impact économique immédiate, mais le DSA a déjà généré 140 millions d’euros d’amendes, illustrant son mordant.
Enjeux géopolitiques et numériques
Cette affaire révèle des divergences profondes : Europe priorise modération contre haine/désinformation ; États-Unis (sous Trump) défend laissez-faire tech comme expression libre. Risque d’escalade : extension des bans US, ou renforcement DSA par Bruxelles.
Pour la France et l’UE, c’est un test de souveraineté numérique face à Washington. Les 27 États membres et Parlement réaffirment l’unité sur le DSA, voté démocratiquement.
Perspectives et implications futures
Symbolique mais explosive, cette mesure pourrait compliquer coopération UE-USA sur IA, commerce et sécurité. Experts prévoient débats intenses : diplomates US lobbyent contre DSA ; Europe menace sanctions miroir improbables.
L’incident coïncide avec expansions de restrictions voyages US (bans élargis à 30 pays) et EES européen (biométrie aux frontières). Trump repositionne les techs US comme atout national.
En somme, ces visa bans cristallisent un choc culturel-juridique : modération vs absolu expressif. L’Europe riposte verbalement, protégeant son modèle sans céder.
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